【光明论坛】重视乡村工匠在非遗保护中的重要作用******
【光明论坛】
作者:魏鹏(重庆市中国特色社会主义理论体系研究中心西南大学分中心特约研究员、西南大学经济管理学院教授)
近期,习近平总书记对非物质文化遗产保护工作作出重要指示,强调要扎实做好非物质文化遗产的系统性保护,更好满足人民日益增长的精神文化需求,推进文化自信自强。乡村工匠作为扎根乡村、掌握传统技艺、提供当代产品的乡村手工业者、传统艺人,正是传承非物质文化遗产的重要载体和有生力量。
此前,国家乡村振兴局、教育部等八部门联合印发《关于推进乡村工匠培育工作的指导意见》,为乡村工匠的制度性培育、持续发展提供了全面而切实的方案。在全面推进乡村振兴、传承中华优秀传统文化的背景下,身怀高超技艺、植根乡村沃土的乡村工匠群体有了大有可为、大展身手的广阔天地。充分发挥乡村工匠优势特长,不仅是做好非物质文化遗产系统性保护的必然要求,也能更好满足人民日益增长的精神文化需求。
要守护传统,更要勇于创新。传统手艺要薪火不息、生命不止,就不能故步自封,更不能抱残守缺。唯有实现产品类型与功能创新,才能更好满足现代人日常生活新需求;唯有实现制作技艺与工具创新,方能提高产品品质与生产效率;唯有实现产品形态与包装创新,才能更适应大众化推广与多渠道销售要求。应借助现代科学方法和手段,全面、生动记录和科学分析乡村工匠技艺中的丰富科学原理与技术内涵,不断研发新产品、引致新需求。此外,还要探索数字化、智慧化、网络化为乡村工匠加持的路径与方式,让现代技术为传统技艺插上腾飞的翅膀。
要精于生产,更要适应市场。精于工、匠于行的技艺,是乡村工匠的底气与底色,但乡村工匠不应是曲高和寡的孤芳自赏者,而应是充满人间烟火、饱含故土味道的实际产品、具体价值的创造者。他们提供物质产品,服务田间耕作,满足寻常百姓吃穿住用、农事劳作之需;他们提供文化产品,承载中国人的审美情趣、精神追求、伦理观念,满足人们对故土乡愁的依恋与想象;他们提供场景产品,以富有韵味的工作过程、制作场景提供充满历史感的生产与生活氛围,构建古今对话,增添大地的家园感,成为一种充满仪式感、满足旅游需求的场景。要在民众的生产生活中进一步诠释和丰富乡村技艺的实用价值与艺术价值,提高满足乡村生产、满足城乡居民生活需要的实用性,不断拓展各类电子商务平台营销渠道。
要潜心钻研,更要引领乡亲。乡村工匠的技艺并非“养在深闺人未识”的藏品,而是历史层积下的社会共同财富,除法律框架内的知识产权保护外,都可转化为社会共有的公共产品、成为乡里乡亲的共同财富。乡村工匠也只有在带着乡亲实干、领着乡亲致富的进程中,才能最大限度实现个人社会价值。此外,在更广泛的引领群众、依靠群众过程中,也将激发群众无穷的创新创造活力,进而推动乡村技艺不断创新发展,让乡村手艺真正转变为推进农民增收致富的工具和路径。特别是通过技能培训、分工协作、合作组织等方式,充分带动乡村中老人、妇女、残疾人等参与到乡土产品的生产中,将留守者转变为人力资源,将受助者转变为财富的创造者,不仅助力乡亲增收致富,更利于乡邻和谐。
要扎根乡土,更要面向世界。乡村工匠植根乡土,受乡土滋养,传承本土性技艺,利用本地资源,满足邻里需求,留存乡愁乡韵。乡村工匠也要放眼世界,秉持兼收并蓄、开放包容精神,在交流互鉴中增强乡村手艺的生命力与市场适应力。积极通过学习、借鉴,丰富并提升工匠产品品类、品质,塑造品牌。同时大力推进乡村工艺旅游产品,聚集乡土人气、财气、智气。乡村工匠更应大胆走出去,以美为媒,充分展示乡土景象,展现可亲可敬可爱的中国形象。还可以积极参加各类展销会、博览会,利用短视频、直播等新传播方式,多渠道、立体性展示乡村工匠传承久远的手工技艺,激活人们的“老家”记忆,激发乡愁乡情,增强乡村产品、乡村生活、乡村生态对当代人的吸引力、感召力。
《光明日报》( 2023年01月12日 02版)
中新网评:美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******
中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后,美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕,众议院共和党领袖凯文•麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录,将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。
资料图:美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀 摄由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素,众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中,美国民主党议员继续抱团,多轮投票中,一票不投麦卡锡,共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折,除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外,与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面,共和党党内反对者认为,麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱,无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府,另一方面,因为共和党的多数优势微弱,党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大,有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外,党内反对者也认为,自己的选票没有换取更多利益,希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步,比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物,众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任,选举几乎没有悬念。然而,麦卡锡此次为当选,不得不做出多个关键让步,其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制,使得众议长的权力被削弱,难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称,麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步,这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下,党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上,美国两党相互拆台,陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内,也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系,相互对抗,选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举,“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈,长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力,其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病,美国所谓的“民主”形象,让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举,变成了政客们利益置换的游戏,进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能,不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
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